Medicine Microsurgery Sew Small Essays - Surgery,

Medicine: "Microsurgery: Sew Small" A man came into the emergency ward at one o'clock. His thumb came in an hour later. The surgeon's job: get them back together. The successful re-attaching of fingers to hand requires long hours of painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon doesn't stand, but sits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical tools, but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around the most important instument, the microscope. The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope at broken blood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again. The needles are so thin that they have to be held with needlenosed jeweller's forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch, the surgeon's hands will move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen end on! Imagine trying to sew two pieces of spaghetti together and you'll have some idea of what microsurgery involves. Twenty-five years ago, this man's thumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeon's began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated carefully. If a small part of the body, such as a finger is cut off, instead of torn, wrapped in a clean covering, put on ice and then reattached within a few hours, the chance of success is over ninety percent, as long as one good artery and one good vein can be reattached. Not only is micro surgery allowing body parts to be reattached, it's also allowing them to be reshuffled. Before 1969, nothing could be done for you if you'd had your thumb smashed beyond repair. But in the past 14 years, you would have been in luck, if your feet were intact. Every year in North America, hundreds of big toes are removed from feet and grafted onto hands. Sometimes tendons are shifted from less important neighbouring fingers to allow the thumb to work better in its unique role of opposing the other fingers and allowing us to grip. While we in North America can live without our big toes and never really miss them, people in Japan can't. They need their big toes to keep the common footwear, the clog, on their feet. So their second toe is taken instead. Farmers, labourers car accident victims and home handymen are the people most often helped by microsurgery replants. And because blood vessels are being reattached, burn victims can now benefit. Flaps of their healthy skin are laboriously reattached more successfully, blood vessel by blood vessel, to increase chances that the graft will take. Some women, whose diseased Fallopian tubes have become blocked, can have them reopened microsurgically. When a cancerous esophagus must be removed, it can

Dreaming Example

Dreaming Example Dreaming – Article Example Personal Impression about Dreams The psychology of dreams remains a complex phenomenon, as many explanations and debate exist in an attempt to explain the causes, process, meaning and interpretation of dreams. At one point, I have been involved in one or two dreams during my sleep, some of which have been disturbing, fascinating, scaring or confusing. As much as I have tried to interpret and find meaning to my dreams, one challenge always confronts me and this is the fact that I always forget the form and content of my dream upon waking up. Despite the difficulties associated with understanding and interpretation of dreams, many psychologists have performed several studies to determine the reasons why people dream and to determine the meaning of such dreams through dream analysis. In his book, Hobson (1) attempts to answer the obvious questions regarding the causes of dreams, the reasons why dreams appear so strange and why we tend to forget most of our dreams upon waking up. He obse rves that most of the historical studies and interpretations about dreams had focused on the content rather than their inherent forms. Based on the formal analysis, he defines dreaming as a mental activity that occurs while an individual is asleep. He holds the opinion that brain activation during the sleep reflects our concerns regarding our previous experiences and uncertainties in future (9). In attempting to explain why we tend to forget most of our dreams upon waking up, Hobson argues that our cognition changes due to release of chemicals in the brain and selecting deactivation of the brain during sleep and upon waking up (10).According to Hobson(15) psychoanalysis of dream content as proposed by psychologists such as Freud was biased and failed to because it was subjective in nature. This kind of analysis could not provide a clear interpretation of dreams because it involved an exploration of dream on the assumption of disguised symbolism, censorship and metaphors. An objectiv e view to explain the working of dreams according to Hobson is to explore the activation of the brain in sleep (32). This analysis would enable us to derive associations, make connections with our past and be able to predict our future. Work CitedHobson, J. Allan. Dreaming: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, ` 2002. Print.

Case Study of Management of Globalization at Ryanair

Case Study of Management of Globalization at Ryanair With increasing globalisation, numbers of companies are entering different foreign markets but some of them only attain success. This is because of their lack of knowledge about free markets advantages and limitations and role of enterprise within organisations (Brooke 1996). Firms that operate by assessing the impact of globalisation are much able to operate successfully rather than the firms that operate without analysing the impact of globalisation (Vittorio 2006). In this report all these aspects will be discussed with the help of a company, Ryan Air that is one of the oldest and most flourishing low-cost airlines of Europe (About Us 2011). This report will be completed by analyzing all previous researches or studies done in this field and its implications in real life. Different researchers and theorist have analysed free markets, globalisation and role of enterprise within organizations. With their analyses they have also given different theories and approaches that can be use d in a workplace to maximise its opportunities. All these theories and approaches will be used to analyse that what extent free market conditions have allowed Ryan Air to grow and prosper (Iyer & Masters 2000). As well it will also describe, at what extent the company had benefitted from free market conditions and to what extent it was constrained by limitations on this market. In addition to this, here it will also be analysed that how company and other markets are driven by enterprise led organisations. In the end, it will also be analysed that what extent the air travel market relies on globalisation and what is the importance of global expansion for Ryan Air. As well, in this report the importance of global markets in other industries will also be evaluated along with the analysis of importance of globalisation. Critical Evaluation of Ryan Air’s Entry Ryan Air was established in the year 1985 and it entered low cost European air travel market as a low cost airline. The co mpany attained huge success in Europe and it was all because of free market conditions (About Us 2011). The company success due to free market conditions can be understood effectively by critically evaluating it along with the discussion of its benefits and limitations. Significance of Free Market Conditions to Ryanair: Free market conditions refer to an economy or market in which buying and selling of products and services is done without any restriction related to price and valuation. European air travel market is also highly affected with free market conditions that in turn have also affected Ryan Air (Brooke 1996). The company is highly affected by free market conditions and it is an important reason of its growth and success. Due to the effect of free market conditions, the company along with its competitors has become able in allowing market forces to determine the price and values of air travel offered by them (Vittorio 2006). The free market concept was initially conceptuali zed throughout the First World War but in present it has become a reason of number of economies success. With the free market conditions of Europe, Ryan Air has derived various benefits like flexibility, freedom, and variety that in turn assist it in growing its business operations in Europe and in other foreign countries (Suneja 2000). With the free market conditions like deregulation and free market entry, Ryanair has been able to exploit the Irish and subsequently the European transport market (Brophy & George 2003).

An Ethical Leader's Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Ethical Leader's Response paper - Essay Example The Utilitarian Approach was pioneered by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the 19th century, according to their approach ethical decisions are the ones that provided the greatest balance of good over evil. Following this approach, individuals or specifically managers or leaders at work goes step by step; they first organize their thoughts by making out the different courses of actions that are available to them and then raise questions themselves about which actions or alternatives selected will result in the greatest good and the least negative consequences to the parties at stake. The ethical action is one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number1. The Rights Approach; Immanuel Kant proposed this approach and suggested that people are free to do as they wish; it tells about their right to choose for themselves and not being forced by others in direction which is against their wishes and if this happens it will be a clear cut violation of the human dignity. Some of these basic rights include the right to privacy, truth, the right not to agree, the right of not being injured etc. When making decision using this approach managers or leaders should ask them whether anyone's rights are being hurt to make sure that rights of all are respected. The Fairness or the Justice Approach was initiated by the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle. This use of this approach makes sure that decisions made are not discriminatory or biased in any way. In fact, the question is whether they treat every one equally. The favoritism and discrimination are seen as unjust and thus any decision taken on such grounds are not at all justifiable. The Common Good Approach unlike the rights approach looks for the benefit for the society or the community as a whole; from this approach emerges the concept of institutions and policies that favor the society as a whole rather than individuals in particular. The Virtue Approach leads to creations of ideals and role models who should be followed. These ideals represent the people we want to become. Virtues are the characteristics of a personality that leads one to act or behave in a certain manner. An individual when making decision though is affected by the approach he follows, but there are certain factors that influence the decision making; these factors include individual differences, situational factors and lastly the issue related factors2. Personal factors influence one's ability to make judgments and also differs in respect to how much a person is sensitive to a particular issue at hand. One's cognitive moral development affects the personal factors; it depends on which stage of moral development a person is in. There are three stages of cognitive moral development- the pre conventional, conventional and the principled level. At the pre-conventional level, which is the lowest level an individual is affected most by the societal responses that the decision will foresee, the degree of ethical involvement is determined by the desire to avoid the punishment or to receive any reward. At the intermediate level that is the conventional level, the concern for society is increas ed and decisions are made on the basis how they will affect others. At the last, the principled level, a person has already developed strong moral and ethical standards that have been shaped over the years and then selects from the approaches that we

How Thomas Church and Andrew Jackson Downing were from two different Essay

How Thomas Church and Andrew Jackson Downing were from two different eras but both were influential in establishing the pattern - Essay Example Both men shared the opinion that gardens should be for everyone; indeed, the title of Thomas Church’s book, Gardens are for People, seems to say everything about his philosophy on gardens, believing that they are for people to enjoy, not just look at (Tilston). Downing, as well, thought that gardens should be accessible to all, not just the well-to-do members of society, and lobbied hard with politicians to create a space of greenery in New York City, accessible to all (R.). Though working in different time frames and with different areas of the country, both Downing and Church have had a lasting influence on gardens seen by those living in the present-day era, mainly due to their willingness to go against what was considered â€Å"conventional† at the time during their work, but also because they believed that gardens, plants, and greenery should be accessible to all, not just the wealthy. Andrew Jackson Downing was born on October 15, 1831, in Newburg, New York. He fi nished his schooling at the age of 16, and came by his love of landscaping and gardening honestly, as his father ran a nursery in which he worked after finishing school (â€Å"Living Places†). ... udson River, those with money to spend immediately bough trade gardening books from merchant-class England, where they were popular (â€Å"Gardenvisit.com†). Gardens of the working class, or â€Å"those raised between the plow handles† (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†) were limited to functionality. They were not interested in growing a beautiful plant or flower to look at, but how many vegetables could be grown to feed the usually ever-growing family. Downing had an undeniable and lasting effect on American landscape and gardening with the publishing of his first book, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America, published in 1841. The book, the first of its kind to be published in North America, brought immediate fame and recognition as people realized, perhaps for the first time, that they did not have to have large gardens filled with exotic plants; their style could be more of a simple taste. People also realized, as pro moted through Downing, that they could use the natural beauty of their surroundings and plants that were native to North America to define their style (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†). Though Downing was a follower of the English style of gardens, as well as the Greek Revival style of homes, he carefully tailored his book to the needs of North Americans, recognizing several key points (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†). First and foremost, Downing recognized that the soils of North America were different from that of Europe, and therefore would need plants and flora that grew and prospered in North America, not imports from Europe, along with the belief that Americans were not aristocratic like most of Europe, and therefore should celebrate their republicanism, hence his designs for middle and lower class cottages and gardens

Look at Me Now Essay Example for Free

Look at Me Now Essay It has been a dream of mine to be able to attend college for many years. I started a family quite early in life making my dream seem as if it would never become a reality. Now here I am some 20+ years later living my dream. I cant say that it was a struggle to get here because i have a very supportive wife who has been pushing me to do this for many years. Up until now I would come up with every excuse in the book why I wasnt able to go back to school. I guess I finally ran out of excuses because here I am taking college classes. We are supposed to talk about some aspect of our life whether it is good or bad. So I went back into my memory to see what I could come up with that would make a good storyline. It was hard to decide which of the many memories I had stored away would produce a memorable story for anyone who reads it. But I decided to write about a situation that proved to be a very scary point in my life. On the morning of June 16, 2011 I had a heart attack. For many years my wife had complained to me that I worked too much. I would ditch family trips and send my daughter and wife alone because I would have to work. I thought that I was too young for something like that to happen to me. Anyway on the morning afore mentioned I woke around 5:00 in the morning (at that time I was ok). My wife and me talked for a little and she said it was too early in the morning and she was going back to sleep. So, we went back to bed. I awoke with a start at around seven to severe chest pains. I didn’t want to alarm my wife so I tried to walk it off. When I realize this wasn’t helping I knew at that point I had to wake my wife up. Upon her being awakened she went into action. She told me I needed to get dressed we were going to the hospital. I again didn’t want to alarm my wife as to how bad the chest pains were that I was having. I told her that I was okay and didn’t think I needed to go to the hospital. Then my left side started to go numb. At this point I was scared and trying not to show it. Please know that my wife wasn’t buying my brave facade at all. So I am going to speed the story up a little. We get to the hospital and I am given several nitro glycerin pills which aren’t working. I stayed in intensive care for three days and then I was moved to a regular room on the heart ward. This proved to be a turning point in my life for me. I have now slowed down the pace at work somewhat. I cherish moments with my family now. I spend a lot of time with them where I had been neglecting them for my job.

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- essays research papers

Diabetes Mellitus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes is a chronic, genetically determined, debilitating disease that affects every organ system. There are two major types of diabetes: Type I and Type II. Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas and is usually, but not always diagnosed in childhood. People with type I diabetes must take insulin shots in order to survive. Type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), are usually diagnosed in adulthood. They produce insulin, but their bodies do not use it effectively or properly. While many modern diseases plague society, diabetes has been known for many centuries (Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 1-3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type I diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type I diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. When sugar builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems: cells may be starved for energy, and over time, high blood sugar levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves, or heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type II diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type II diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Type II diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes. Type II diabetes is nearing epidemic proportions, due to an increased number of older Americans, and a greater prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles (Hoffman, 34-49).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes is the leading cause of death. It is the leading cause of kidney failure, adult blindness, and non-traumatic amputations. People who have diabetes are two to four times more likely to have a heart attack or a stroke. Life expectancy of people who have this disease, on the average is fifteen years, less than that of people who do not have the disease. It is also the leading cause of nerve damage (Hoffman, 34-49).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IDDM can cause problems that should be prepared for. The three key problems: Hyp... ...r and neurological diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia activates a metabolic reaction cascade that leads to cellular damage in small to medium blood vessels and peripheral nerves. Nerve damage is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, and can lead to impotence, incontinence, and loss of sensation from affected areas (Saladin, 656).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last effect makes a patient dangerously unaware of major injuries, which can fester from neglect and contribute to gangrene and the necessity of amputation. Many diabetics lose their toes, feet, or legs to the disease. The cardiovascular effects include degeneration of the small arteries of the retina and the kidneys, leading to blindness and kidney failure as common complications. People with type I diabetes are more likely to die of kidney failure than those with type II diabetes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes also promotes atherocslerosis, the blockage of blood vessels with fatty deposits, causing poor circulation. In type II diabetes, the most common cause of death is heart failure stemming from atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis also contributes to renal failure and gangrene.

Explore the differences in the ways Hamlet and Laertes go about seeking revenge Essay

This essay will consider the relevance of father/son relationships to motive for and the manner of revenge, the initial responses of both Hamlet and Laertes to the news of the murder of their father. Finally I will conclude by comparing how Hamlet’s and Laertes’ responses each compare with Fortinbras’ responses to his fathers death. The relationship each son had with his father is important, because it can be seen what motivates them for revenge, and whether or not their father’s influence inspires such vengeance. Hamlets’ relationship with his father is only shown after his demise. This is the only way we are able to see father and son interact. What we do see of this indicates that they do not have a good relationship, as the ghost of Hamlet’s father takes no pains to cover up the torment he endures beyond the grave. The ghost wants Hamlet to †revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† and warns that he would find Hamlet a †fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf† if he did not avenge his death. The ghost might have said this quite scathingly, perhaps because he is aware of Hamlet’s tendency to contemplate every action, and failure to get things done quickly. The love in this relationship is clearly one sided, Hamlet later on in the play, in Act 3 Scene 3-4 shows his mother a picture of his late father and a picture of Claudius. He bitterly comments on how superior his father is with his †Hyperion curls†, †grace† and †eye like Mars to threaten and command† compared to Claudius. He is furious and obviously holds his father in high regard. The abnormality of Hamlet’s situation is emphasised when the ghost appears before Hamlet and his mother in act 3 Scene 4. When Hamlet’s situation is compared to the relationship Laertes shares with his father, the result is starkly different. They both appear to have a very close father-son relationship and in Act 1 scene 3 we can see a conversation between them, where Polonius is giving Laertes fatherly advice on how to behave when in Paris. Among the many aphorisms given by Polonius, he warns Laertes too not â€Å"give any unproportioned thought his act; Later on in the play, we can of course, see that Laertes ignores this heartfelt piece of advice when seeking revenge on Hamlet. Through not sitting down and thinking the situation out calmly, he jumped to the wrong conclusions. Polonius went so far as to ask for Claudius’ permission for Laertes to leave for Paris on Laertes’ behalf. The language he uses such as â€Å"he wrung from me my slow leave† does not suggest anything other than a father who carries nothing but deep affection for his son, and does not which to see him leave. No sooner are we shown the cruel and malicious treatment of Hamlet by hid dead father, then we are shown the stark contrast of Laertes and Polonius’ concerned and endearingly caring farewell conversation. As well as having completely different familial relationships, Hamlet and Laertes themselves form one of the most important polarities in all of the play. This is important in understanding why both characters have different methods of avenging their fathers. As the plot progresses, Hamlet’s hesitance and general inability to obtain his father’s revenge, will be heavily contrasted with Laertes’ fierce willingness to avenge his fathers’ death. Before Hamlet spoke to the ghost, he didn’t know that his father had been murdered. When the ghost asks him to †revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† Hamlet replies †Murder? † the question mark in this statement indicates that Hamlet had not considered seriously the idea that his father had been murdered, and that it had taken him by surprise. Hamlet has been delivered a double shock. He was already grieving for his father’s death and is now confronted by the fact that he was murdered. The ghost exhorts Hamlet to seek revenge and Hamlet, who is intensely moved, swears to remember, obey, and â€Å"sweep to his revenge†. Whereas Hamlet doesn’t quite trust the ghost and seeks to test Claudius’ guilt himself by staging a play based on the murder, Laertes sees no cause to disbelieve the method in which his father died. Laertes instantly trusts Claudius’ word that Hamlet is his father’s murderer. Laertes is a complete foil for Hamlet in some actions; his cry for vengeance is an absolute contrast to Hamlets’ timorous testing for the ghosts’ truthfulness. Laertes acts as the wronged son operation in open fury who †dates damnation; He has all the moral legitimacy that Claudius lacks and that Hamlet has forfeited through not acting quick enough and procrastination too much. Hamlet, however, does have powerful and genuine incitement †a dear father murder’d† as one soliloquy puts it and †a mother stain’d† as does another. Laertes confronts the king in Act 4, Scent 5. He demands †where is my father†¦ how came he dead?†¦ I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father† believing Claudius to be the perpetrator of his father’s murder. The words that Laertes utters could quite easily have come from Hamlet’s mouth. You can almost hear the bitterness and scarcely contained fury in Laertes tone as he said these words. It is poignant that whereas Hamlet took time to establish Claudius’ s guilt for himself, Laertes had jumped in at the deep-end and confronted the king wrongfully. Claudius managed to diffuse the situation by giving very short snappy answers such as †dead† by saying this; he is showing that he is being honest and up-front with Laertes and giving no excuses. In Act 4, Scent 7 Laertes initial fury has calmed down, although he remains extremely confident about the task ahead. He thinks about Hamlet’s dirty deed and his †noble father lost; he welcomes Hamlets’ return so that he can †tell him to his teeth ‘though didest thou†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Every word he says invites comparison with Hamlet. When he arrived at the palace to challenge the king, Laertes brought with him a †riotous head† who cried, †Laertes shall be king! † He is obviously very angry, and this can be seen in the manner in which he speaks to Claudius. He calls him a †vile king†, â€Å"dares damnation†, and †vows to the blackest devil! † He obviously wants to make very clear his feelings on the matter of his father’s death and wants revenge. It can also be seen that he has dispelled any respect he had for Claudius. This is different from Hamlet, because although Hamlet is not overly polite to the king, he does not openly defy him as Laertes does in this scene.

Coca Cola – Organization Management

Abstract This paper is about â€Å"Coca-Cola† company which produces and manufactures soft drinks, and this product is well known all around the world for many decades. The materials used to get the information about the company are from the internet, newspaper and the bottle itself. The paper will speak about how the product came to the final result as an output and what does it take to manufacture it. INTRODUCTION Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world.It is sold in more and more markets, creating thousands of new jobs in the local economies. The brand is owned by The Coca-Cola Company which works with franchisees across the world. These franchisees perform the bottling and canning operations and are also known as packagers. This paper will discuss the following: * What are the stages of manufacturing? * How does the company guarantee the quality of the products to reach customers satisfaction? * What are the steps after guaranteeing the product so that the product to be introduced to the markets? * Conclusion * Important keywords – Stages of manufacturing -Transforming resources Coca-Cola’s bottlers and canners are concerned with a range of processes involved in transforming resources into the bottles and cans of drink that we are familiar with. There is a difference between transforming resources and transformed resources: * The transforming resources are the managers, employees, machinery and equipment used by The Coca-Cola Company and its franchisees. * The transformed resources are the materials (the cans, bottles, liquids, etc. ) and the information which are processed to create the finished product. Manufacturing Coca-Cola Primarily, Coca-Cola is manufactured by franchisees who are the world’s leading bottling and canning companies. This franchise business is strictly controlled by The Coca-Cola Company. Soft drinks manufacture is a competitive business. Manufacturing techniques are continually improved. This helps meet the highest quality standards for its products using the most cost effective production techniques. For example, very small changes in the shape of the can could save a canning factory millions of dollars in production costs. The production of Coca-Cola involves two major operations: Creating the packaging material * Bottling and canning the finished drink. -Packaging For many years, Coca-Cola was produced in glass bottles. Because of the high cost of distributing bulky bottles, they had to be manufactured close to where the bottling took place. Today, this is no longer so important since new packaging methods have revolutionized the process. Advanced bottling and canning technology makes Coca-Cola cans and bottles very light but extremely strong. The Company has invested a lot of time and money in research and development to ensure the most effective life cycle impact of its packaging.By using the minimum quantities of materials in packaging, the cans and plastic bottles are simple to crush or to reprocess at the end of the initial life cycle. -Preparing to fill cans Cans are delivered in bulk to a canning plant. At this stage the cans are shaped like an open cup ready to receive the liquid drink. They are not fully formed because the ring pull end has still to be fitted. After they have been inspected to check that there are no faults, each can goes through a rinsing machine to make sure it is clean and ready for filling. Preparing the drink Coca-Cola consists of a concentrated beverage base and a liquid sweetener which are combined to form the syrup from which the drink is made. The Company ships the concentrate to bottling and canning plants where the franchisees mix it with sugar and local water. The water is passed through a number of filters to make sure it is absolutely pure. Carbon dioxide, which makes it fizzy, is also delivered to the canning plant where it is stored and th en piped into the manufacturing process through a carbonator and cooler.The Company specifies what equipment franchisees will use to carry out these processes. Samples are taken regularly for chemical analysis, and staff makes frequent spot checks to ensure that plants are maintaining the Company’s standards of cleanliness and quality. The Company provides its franchisees with the most up-to-date technology available and many of them use the latest computer technology and statistical process control methods. -Filling the cans The packaging and the finished drink are combined by a rapid filling process.Every minute hundreds of cans pass along an automated production line and are filled with a precise amount of Coca-Cola. As the cans move along the production line, they are seamed to include the ring pull end and produce the finished can. The ends are inspected to make sure they are smooth and do not have any gaps or leaks. An individual code is stamped on the cans so that each one can be traced back to the point and time of production. A date code ensures product freshness. Cans now look like those you will see in the shops. – Guaranteeing the quality of the product The manufacture of Coca-Cola is carried out by a set of processes called continuous flow production. On a production line, a process is continually repeated and identical products go through the same sequence of operations. Continuous flow production takes this one step further by using computer-controlled automatic equipment to produce goods 24 hours a day. The Company and its franchisees use Total Quality Management procedures that encourage everyone in the plant to think about quality in every-thing they do.Every employee sets out to satisfy customers and places them at the heart of the production process. By continually seeking to improve every aspect of production, employees are able to eliminate problems. Throughout the production process, quality control personnel monitor the pr oduct and take test samples. Guarantee that there are no errors; quality control inspectors take statistically selected samples at the end of the production line. Using chemical analysis, these inspectors can guarantee that the product meets the exact specifications; they also check that there are no faults in the packaging.A ‘fill height detector’ uses an electronic eye to ensure that the cans are filled to the right quantity. Cans that are not properly filled are rejected. 3- Introducing the product to the markets Packing the end product into cases The canners then prepare the cans for distribution to retailers such as super-markets, shops and garages. A machine called a case former creates the casing that protects the cans as they are sorted onto pallets. The cans are stored temporarily in a warehouse before they are collected by large distribution trucks. Bottling Coca-ColaSo far this case study has focused on the canning process for Coca-Cola. The bottling process, whether in glass or PET (plastic), is very similar. Each plastic bottle starts as test-tube size is blown up like a balloon into the final bottle shape. Whereas franchisees receive cans that already have the logo and any promotional details on them, bottlers apply the labels from large reels once the bottles have been formed. At the end of the bottling line, bottles are automatically sealed with a cap immediately after they have been filled. Just-in-time Canners and bottlers process vast quantities of materials each week.Receiving the raw materials and delivering the finished products involves a complex sequence of actions. The ideal solution is to make sure that the inputs for the process arrive ‘just-in-time’ so they can be transformed into a finished product ready for transportation ‘just-in-time’ to meet the needs of the retailers. At modern canning plants, the cans maker is often located in an adjoining facility, with delivery through a ‘Hole in the wall’ operation. The packagers are involved created supply chain networks with the supermarket chains and other outlets ensure that this process runs smoothly.Canners and bottlers must ensure that they do not build up large stockpiles of cans waiting to be sold but they must also make sure that deliveries are not late. This is where they benefit from advanced information technology that rapidly relays figures about the demand for Coca-Cola. For example, this demand usually rises in periods of hotter weather so the packagers need to plan increased production. Canners and bottlers work closely with The Coca-Cola Company and other suppliers to provide a smooth running supply chain so that consumers are always within ‘an arm’s reach of desire’ and can always buy a drink when they want one.Performance feedback to canners and bottlers In addition to each canner or bottler’s own quality assurance procedures, sample bottles and cans from each market ar e tested regularly by The Coca-Cola Company. The results are then reported back to the packagers. This feedback helps The Coca-Cola Company and the franchisee to work together and identify opportunities for improvement. Franchisees undergo constant training and retraining in quality assurance, and can always ask for help and advice about ongoing improvement. 4- ConclusionTo produce the world’s best known product, The Coca-Cola Company has to employ the highest quality processes and establish standards which guarantee the production of a standardized product which meets consumers’ high expectations each and every time they drink a bottle or can of Coca-Cola. In order to guarantee these standards the Company has had to develop a close relationship with its franchisees based on a mutual concern for quality. Total Quality management lies at the heart of this process involving a continuous emphasis on getting quality standards right every time and on continually seeking new ways to improve performance. – Keywords Continuous flow production: An ongoing twenty-four hour production cycle in which partly finished and finished products pass along a production line. Cost effective: It’s an approach that minimizes or significantly reduces the cost of operations. Franchisee: An individual (Or organization) that is licensed to produce and/or sell a named product in a given area, in return for a fee, a share of the profits or sales. Global brand: A product that is recognizable across the world by its logo, packaging or distinctive trade mark. Inputs:They are Materials and labor that go into a production process. Just-in-time: Supplies for manufacturing processes are received just as they are needed, and the end product reaches the consumer just when it is wanted. ‘Just-in-time’ reduces the need to carry large stocks of materials or finished goods helping cash flow. Life cycle impact: Examining the impact of a product from the point at which the raw materials start to be produced and assembled, through the manufacturing process, right up to the time at which the consumer finally disposes of the packaging of the product. Operations:The processes involved in the production of a product, such as filling a can, checking that the can is sufficiently filled, etc. Outputs: Goods and services that are produced once raw materials have gone through a transformation process. Performance feedback: It’s about providing information on the success of performances so that improvements can be made. For example, if a weakness is spotted in quality standards, then it would be necessary to inform the packager so that these could be rectified immediately. Statistical process control: The use of mathematical and statistical control processes in the manufacture of products e. . by measuring quantities of fluid used in given processes, measuring quantities of materials used, etc. to ensure that inputs and outputs always meet spec ified quantitative standards. Supply chain: It is the chain of processes that links a manufacturer through a distributor to a customer. Total Quality Management: It is an approach that ensures quality at every stage of production, rather than just at the end of the production cycle. Transformed resources: They are resources, such as raw materials and information that are modified in the process of production by the transforming resources.Transforming resources: They are resources that are used to transform other inputs. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/transforming-resources. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 2 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/manufacturing-coca-cola. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 3 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great -britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/packaging. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 4 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. k/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/filling-the-cans. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 5 ]. http://asq. org/blog/2011/11/coca-colas-quality-culture/ [ 6 ]. http://www. supplychaindigital. com/warehousing_storage/supply-tech-coca-colas-plantbottle [ 7 ]. http://www. supplychaindigital. com/warehousing_storage/supply-tech-coca-colas-plantbottle [ 8 ]. http://www. studymode. com/subjects/coca-cola-just-in-time-case-study-page1. html [ 9 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/performance-feedback-to-canners-and-bottlers. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6

Drink Tap Water instead of Bottled Water Essay Example

Drink Tap Water instead of Bottled Water Essay Example Drink Tap Water instead of Bottled Water Paper Drink Tap Water instead of Bottled Water Paper Water is one of the most important natural resources in the world and it’s the major constituents of living matter where it serves different functions. This unique natural resources is very important to mankind in the sense that our existence depend largely on it availability. As important as this compound of hydrogen and oxygen may seem to us, its quality also matters to our existence. Water comes in different forms so as its usage. There are several means by which water can be supplied to various homes and industry for various purposes. One major way by which this supply is being achieved is via pumping of water to the consumer through a faucet known as tap, hence the term â€Å"tap water†. Other means by which water for consumption are supplied to the consumers is via bottled water, sachet waters, and water in large containers. TAP AND BOTTLED WATER Several benefits can be derived from each means of supply but tap water still remains the best sources of water supply for safe consumption and other domestic use even though there are several beliefs in regards to the use of bottled water as the best source of water for consumption (Wald et al, 2008). Researches has shown that dangers of using bottled water as major sources of water consumption outweighs its benefits, hence there is a need to enlighten the populace on why we ought to choose tap water over bottled water as a major sources of water for our consumption. Several environmental issues must also be considered in regards to our choice between tap and bottled water. WHY CHOOSE TAP WATER There are several benefits that are associated with the use of tap water compare to bottled water, this will be discuss under the following subheadings; health, economic and environmental aspects Health aspects A question we ought to ask ourselves before purchasing some bottled water is that â€Å"why should I pay more for a product whose quality is worse than water that flows from the faucet of my house†. Although the answer to the question might not be pointed to us immediately probably because we’ve not fall victim or experience the menace of health problems associated with bottled water, there is a need for us to know that this is no more a fiction but a reality. There is a lot of health issues accompanying the use of bottled and tap water 1. Tap water contains chlorine which is antimicrobial in nature; hence helps eliminate bacteria that may be in the water. Tap water is always tested for presence of microorganism which can cause gastrointestinal problems before being diseminated. Bottled water doesn’t contain chlorine hence a higher load of bacteria and the manufacturer don’t usually test for the presence of microorganism that cause gastrointestinal diseases. 2. There are guidelines that monitor the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria while there are no such guidelines in the FDA standards that check this in bottled water, hence a higher probability of developing the disease whenever it’s present in the bottled water. Purity and safety standards in regards to bottled water production and distribution is less stringent compare to that of the tap water simply because standard check is not always done on the products before it being distributed but this is not so in the case of tap water where it must be check against the standard before any distribution 3. Tap water must meet some health standards such as the absence of important toxic or carcinogenic chemicals or substance such as phthalate but this is not so in bottled water. This chemical has been found to have potential to leak from the plastics container used in bottled hence a higher risk of developing cancer later in life due to the accumulation of the chemical in the body. 4. Fluoridation of tap water can easily be done to provide people especially children with regulated amount of fluoride which helps in bone and teeth development. This also prevent against some dental disease such as dental caries because of the effect of the fluoride in teeth mineralisation. Bottled water is not fluoridated hence people that consume it are more prone to development of dental caries 5. Tap water contains other minerals which have been found to be very important for our growth. These minerals are also absorb from the gastrointestinal tract easily compare those from the food. The most important minerals found in Tap water are iodine, magnesium, chlorides and bicarbonates, iron and sulphates. Magnesium is best known to be an important element that helps maintain our immune system, ease tension within the muscles and helps lowered blood pressure. Chlorides and bicarbonates apart from being antibacterial in nature also aids digestive processes and helps keep our pH level within the normal range. Iron is very important to us, simply because it helps in the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body while sulphate helps us to detoxify all ingested toxic substances. Iodine is one of the most important of all the elements simply because it helps prevent goitre and also aid thyroid function in the elderly. Environmental aspects There are several environmental issues surrounding the use of bottled water compare to tap water in recent times. One of the most important environmental issues in this regards is the issues of waste. Bottled water has been found to create unnecessary waste in form of empty plastic bottles, though these bottles can be recycled majority of them don’t eventually get recycled. Bottles used in bottled water are made from petroleum by-products, the inability to recycle most of them eventually lead to extreme or higher production rate from the petroleum resources ultimately leading to excessive rate of depletion of these non renewable natural resources. Bottled water also does not degrade easily creating a lot of space and landfill. Burning of these plastic used in bottled water will results in the release of petrochemicals substances which are dangerous to our health and are also responsible for the rapid depletion of the protective ozone layer, hence an increase greenhouse effect and global warming. The use of tap water will help reduce all these hazards associated with the disposal of bottled water and also help balance the ecosystem. Tap water can also help protect against the effect of fire outbreak when we make use of it in our community. The use of Tap water as a form of protection from fire outbreak has been considered to be one of the primary aims of water supply systems (CDC, 2007). This is because the system in which the water is being supplied through the faucet provides sufficient volume of water at high pressure which is one of the properties that gives it the ability to quench fire. Overall effect of environmental influence of bottled water is that it affects our planet negatively and do us harm. Economic aspect The increase use of Tap water will provide support for our economy simply because business or housing developments usually do not succeed without a safe and sustainable source of water supply. Considering the enormous potential benefits associated with the use of Tap water, it is critical to businesses’ day to day operations and activities. Most entrepreneur and employers usually consider the availability and the quality of water supply in a particular region before construction of their business construction of the company or facilities. It is also the main supply of water during the period of drought and even to those communities in the arid areas. Bottled water is always expensive and can even be considered to be for individuals in the middle and the upper strata in the society. The use of Tap water helps saves cost purchasing bottled water. Considering the economic cost associated with the use of bottled water, it can never be used for other purposes in which we use Tap water for such as washing of clothes, watering our lawns, and some other purposes in which we use water for. Tap water can also be consider one of the most important basic social amenity must have to be considered as a developed or developing community in the sense that it help reduce mortality rates, provide economic diversity, and increase productivity in the areas of industrialization and agriculture Conclusion Considering the health benefits, the economical and the environmental aspect of Tap water, it is very important that the use of Tap water is very important to our public health protection and quality of life. Bottled water offers no special benefits than tap water, then why should we pay more for something that put us at higher risk than the water flowing out of the faucets in our various homes. References Belew, B. (2009). â€Å"The truth-tap water is better than bottled water and better for the environment†. Greenpacks. Retrieved August 3, 2009 from greenpacks. org/2009/07/22/the-truth-tap-water-is-better-than-bottled-water-and-better-for-the-environment/ CDC, (2007). â€Å"Health on Tap: the value of Tap water†. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 2, 2009 from www. cdc. gov Petersen, B. (2003). â€Å"Iodine containing macromolecules in tap water and their importance for iodine intake and thyroid dysfunctions†. Projekt. Retrieved August 3, 2009 from http://vbn. aau. dk/research/iodine_containing_macromolecules_in_tap_water_and_their_importance_for_iodine_intake_and_thyroid_dysfunctions(15671)/ Owen, J. (2006). â€Å"Bottled Water Isnt Healthier Than Tap, Report Reveals†. National geographic news. Retrieved August 3, 2009 from http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2006/02/0224_060224_bottled_water. html Wald et al, (2008). â€Å"Health belief about bottled water: a qualitative study†. BMC Public health. Retrieved August 2, 2009 from biomedcentral. com/1471-2458/9/196 Water Quality Association (2009). â€Å"The bottled water dilemma†. Aqua Purity Plus Retrieved August 3, 2009 from aquapurityplus. com/water_dilemma. pdf

Gimi coefficient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gimi coefficient - Essay Example According to the ranges of gini coefficient, the developing or poor countries, those countries who have per captia GDP low, comes in the range from 0.25 to 0.71. As far as rich countries are concerned they come in the range of under 0.40 (Mandal 126). The Lorenz curve diagrams ratio of area can be used to elaborate the gini coefficient. In Lorenz curve if we say that A symbolizes the area among the line of perfect equality and B symbolizes as the Lorenz’s curve inner area then A/(A+B) is the equation which represents the gini coefficient. Subsequently A+B = 0.5, the gini coefficient, G = 2A = 1-2B. By incorporation the value of B can be found if the Lorenz curve is characterized by the function Y= L(x) and the equation will be, (Catalano and George D. n.p). The usage of gini coefficient measure of inequality leads to many advantages, one of which is that it can be used to compare income distributions crosswise diverse population. Gini coefficient is easily used because of its simplicity rather than other measuring techniques, through gini coefficient we can come to the results of changed distribution of income over the year in a country. It also satisfies great principles of anonymity, scale independence and population independence. As on one hand it has many advantages, on the other side there are many problems faced while using gini coefficient measure of inequality. Gini coefficient, uses income gained from wealth, it measures net income more than net worth, having a possibility of misinterpretation. For example, a low gini coefficient for income is seen in Sweden, but Sweden’s coefficient for wealth is higher. Numerous whiles in gini coefficient, there is no description of the proportions used for measurement. As granularity impacts the measurements of gini coefficient, we find numerous problems while conducting measurements through it. If there is low granularity, that is four 20% quantiles it will lead to a lower gini coefficient, while at t he same time if we take twenty 4% quantiles that is high granularity the results would be higher gini coefficient if we take both of these figures from the similar distribution (Mandal 129). Because it a measure of income dispersion a lot of care have to be taken through the use of gini coefficient as a measure of egalitarianism. For example We will get a result of difference in gini coefficients when we take two different countries having equal egalitarian, but as they both have different policies, gini coefficient will be different. As it measures at a point in time of the greatest problem of gini coefficient is that is errors a lot of energetic information about lifetime income of the individual. In gini coefficient, not only the income but also the individual’s age distribution within population and mobility in income classes are not taken into consideration (Mandal 129). It can be observed that if gini coefficient is showing higher results at one point, but will not gibe same result at different point because gini coefficient does not notice the changes over a period of time. A number of more problems arise when it comes to measurement through gini coefficient; difficulty arises that is when two counties income are associated as both the countries differ in benefits systems, like some countries give benefit in monetary form, while others not in monetary form. Some countries may include benefits some may not, as the

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY - Essay Example In today’s mixed economy, governments belonging to diverse nations have been dealing with private organisations through PPP as it provides three major facilities. First, PPP is quite efficient in assisting government to react with increasing demand of infrastructure based services. The second facility is that PPP assists government to exploit the public resources that would be utilised for making infrastructure development, hence shifting the liability of capital outlay to the private segment. PPP permits government to allocate resources for other admirable improvement related expenditures. And the third facility is that PPP supports government in terms of effective supply of services. The corporate pattern of private segment provides improved effectiveness and also offers higher returns on investment in comparison to government possession. The root of so called PPP is considered to be originated from the United States and the United Kingdom correspondingly. Denationalisation of public services and deregulation are few key aspects which has characterised the new era of management reorganisation and restructure of governmental activities (Bovaird & Loffler, 2009). With respect to PPP, the UK is considered as the leader. UK has first presented large scale PPPs in the economy. From the years 1987 to 2004, the government of the UK has contracted about 677 PPPs that valued nearly about  £43 billion. ?43 billion. The amount of PPPs in the UK has increased considerably from the year 2000 due to increased pressure from the citizens to provide as well as to develop essential infrastructures for them (McQuaid & Scherrer, 2008). PPP is the tag for standard modification in public management which is applied mainly for innovative improvements. PPP has its derivation from established business administration concept which is overwhe lming the incompetent distribution of resources in public authorities and delivery of public services. Public establishments are found to suffer from several economic disasters because of inherent faults in functional and operational management. PPP therefore attempts to gain substantial profit from the improvement of public segments by a greater level (Richards & Smith, 2002). It has been apparently observed that the governments belonging to dissimilar nations established PPP in order to encourage privatisation and support private entrepreneurs. However, it is worth mentioning that PPP is basically regarded as a set of institutional association between government and several actors of private segment. PPP is viewed to be neither an improvement strategy nor an unattached collaboration between different representatives; rather it is continuing set of dealings to accomplish certain predetermined objectives (McCartney & Stittle, 2008). The government of the UK believes PPP as a variety of business structures and partnership arrangements. The government of the UK has developed three major types of PPP which are proprietorship, endowment of services and sales of public services. Furthermore, PPP has corresponding role in allowing organisations to provide mutual basis between public and private segment in order to encou